One of the top “unsolved problems” in biology is the need to untangle complex networks of species interactions - perhaps nowhere is this more consequential than our need to grapple with the socioecological risks of neglected tropical diseases. Human-livestock-wildlife parasite transmission has been declared a major biomedical challenge for the 21st century with reasons for concern that include the potential for zoonotic helminths—parasitic worms such as nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), and trematodes (flukes) to be transmitted between humans and animals. The effects cause malnutrition, developmental delays, and deaths that disproportionately affect communities undergoing rapid development.

A critical problem is that our strategies to identify and track wildlife parasites originated to combat livestock diseases a century ago. We know very little about how to answer the question: What parasites infect tropical wildlife? We know far more about the subset of parasites that harm humans and livestock than all others. Consequently, our conservation partners struggle to identify the parasites they encounter, hindering our collective efforts to rehabilitate endangered species, evaluate emerging health threats, and treat diseases.

Fortunately, we have just received a Catalyst award from the Institute at Brown for Environment and Society to pursue new strategies. Today, the gold-standard method for studying gastrointestinal helminth parasites in wildlife is rooted in taxonomy. Identifying parasites and evaluating their potential to harm hosts requires us to inspect adult parasites from dead hosts. Of course dead-but-well-preserved wildlife are hard to find, especially in the tropics. As a result, we often rely on less-suitable counts of parasite eggs in fecal samples, which can reveal parasites are present but often precludes identification or comparison across studies. This award will allow us to build on recent work at Brown University, which has brought us tantalizingly close to sparking a new era of genome-enabled parasitology that could overcome these intersecting challenges.

Together with an exciting array of partners - Sloth Conservation Foundation (Costa Rica), The Organization for Tropical Studies (Costa Rica), Fundación Zoológica de Cali (Colombia), and the Instituto de Biología Subtropical (Argentina) - we are embarking on an ambitious plan to document and DNA barcode parasites from tropical wildlife across the Americas.  We are also expanding our work at Brown, tapping into the expertise of tapping into the GeoSpatial expertise of Professor of the Practice Seda Şalap-Ayça and Data Scientist Tim Divoll to build more user-friendly and informative data portals. 

​We are grateful for the new support to build and share this important resource!

Out this month in PeerJ, a paper led by Ezequiel Vanderhoeven on "Host specificity of gastrointestinal parasites in free-ranging sloths from Costa Rica."

This paper is the first to compare compare the parasites of wild two- and three-toed sloths across both primary forests and urban habitats. In partnership with our friends at Sloth Conservation Foundation and their detection dog, our team went searching for sloth latrines at La Selva Biological Station and Puerto Viejo de Talamanca. 

We found a bunch of potentially new parasites for both species. Indeed, we found eight types of parasites from just 38 fecal samples, which we were surprised to discover matches the total number of  parasite types reported in the literature for sloths over the last 100 years.

We also found zero evidence for parasite sharing between two- and three-toed sloths, even though they often overlap at very fine scales in their habitats and share so many interesting characteristics. The more common types of parasites we found in each species were present in multiple populations -- suggesting they are widespread within their hosts -- but rare parasites tended to be restricted to hosts from the primary forest. 

This is just the beginning of our work with sloths and their parasites -- a fun, interesting, and important step we are taking together with our partners at Sloth Conservation Foundation. You can check SloCo's blog about it here!

The magazine Medicine@Brown featured Montana Stone's award-winning photo of "Zorro" -- a culpeo fox -- taken at our long-term ecological research site in Fray Jorge National Park in Chile. It's a fantastic shot of an amazing, and poorly known predator. As the BioMed communications team said, this image from Montana's field work is a poignant way to remind people that our mission in the Division is to advance the "health of people AND planet." We always love to remind people that our health is intimately, and inextricably, linked to what's happening in nature and around the planet.

Earlier this month, Mary Burak led a workshop together with Save the Elephants and the National Museums of Kenya. The meeting convened at the Save the Elephants headquarters at Samburu, and the team spent a few days learning to collect voucher plant specimens for DNA barcoding. In a very short period of time, they added an important chunk of regional plant diversity to the collections available for barcoding. The training and work completed will dramatically increase our ability to precisely characterize the diets of elephants across Kenya. It was super gratifying to see such a great group of scholars, conservationists, long-time collaborators, and all-around quality people coming together to do such important work. Mary shared some great photos of the team in action: Paul Musili, Rispa Kathurima, Gideon Galimogle, and Evans Nawasa.

Congratulations to Hannah Hoff for being awarded the 2024 James Reveal Eriogonum Project Grant from the Eriogonum Society! Among Hannah's many ambitious endeavors, she is leading the development of a comprehensive plant DNA barcode library and nutritional database so that we can understand what fuels the migrations of large herbivores across Yellowstone. These little buckwheats are turning out to be big contributors, and the grant will help ensure we can account for all of them. We are all so excited to get back out and botanizing in Yellowstone this summer!

Congratulations to Maddy for being one of only two undergraduates to be recognized with a prestigious Caleel '87 Memorial Undergraduate Biology Research Fellowship from the Division of Biology and Medicine at Brown in 2023! To prepare for her senior thesis next year, Maddy plans to spend the summer studying the health and nutrition of sloths in Costa Rica where she'll be based at La Selva. Exciting work will come from this incredible opportunity ahead!

Late last year, Ezequiel participated in the capture of the first two Giant Armadillos from Argentina. The animals were sampled and outfitted with tracking devices to understand more about the health and ecology of their population. This amazing species is very rare, and its global population is listed as Vulnerable and Declining on the Red List of Endangered Species.

An article was published entitled, "Rosenda, la primera tatú carreta monitoreada en el Chaco"

Great work, Ezequiel! 

We were lucky to get to work with Hannah over the summer at Yellowstone, but now with the start of a new semester it's official... Welcome to the lab, Hannah! 

Hannah arrives in the lab to start her Ph.D. work as a plant community ecologist with interests in understanding how the activities of large mammals at Yellowstone influence the long-term composition of plant communities. Hannah plans to connect field observations with manipulative experiments and DNA barcoding to understand the complex food web of this incredible system. Hannah will be working closely with the National Parks Service in the field. Here at Brown, she will be engaged with EEOB, IBES, and DSI via her participation in an NIH T32 grant that focuses on scientific communication. We feel so lucky to have Hannah join us and so excited to see how the amazing work she is doing will pay off!

Collaborator and University of Wyoming PhD student, Leo Malingati, appears on an episode of the documentary series Wildlife Warriors and shares his experience studying the small mammals of Mpala Research Centre!

The conversation featuring our work to analyze small mammal diets -- poop science!

​Short video available on YouTube. Episode on Vimeo.

It feels good to have more of the lab getting back into the swing of fieldwork after the worst years of the early pandemic!

The lab has always maintained some field activity throughout the pandemic. Ezequiel has been remote from field sites across Argentina, Robert and Peter have been keeping active at Mpala in Kenya, and Colin (and the lizard team) as well as Amanda (and the terrapin team) had managed to keep active around the northeastern US. But a lot of us had to cut back or go it alone more than we would have liked. The tide is turning, though!

This summer we have had a group led by Beth (postdoc), Hannah (incoming grad student), and Maddy (UTRA student) at Yellowstone -- collecting dung, surveying plants, coordinating with collaborators -- with support from our scientific partners at the National Park Service and the Brown University Herbarium. Amidst the ongoing recovery from disastrous flooding along the Yellowstone River, we were able to get out into the field together to advance a number of priority projects for the lab. 

We are super grateful to funders: NSF (CAREER & EPSCoR award), Department of Interior (Cooperative Agreement), Brown University (UTRA & IBES).

The quintessential group photo of the team: